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Showing posts with label Trusting the Bible. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Trusting the Bible. Show all posts

Tuesday, May 28, 2024

Bible Reading: from An Illustrated Summary of J.C. Ryle's Practical Religion

This is a chapter from J.C. Ryle's classic book Practical Religion.

BIBLE READING

"Search the Scriptures." John 5:39

"What is your reading of it?" Luke 10:26

Next to praying, there is nothing so important in practical religion as Bible reading. God has mercifully given us a Book that is "able to make us wise for salvation through faith in  Christ Jesus" (2 Timothy 3:15). By reading the Bible we may learn what to believe, what to be, what to do, how to live in contentment, and how to die in peace. Blessed are those who possess a Bible! Happier still are those who read it. Happiest of all are those who not only read it, but also obey it, making it their rule of faith and practice.

Nevertheless, it is a sorrowful fact that man has an unhappy skill in abusing God's gifts. One sweeping charge may be brought against the whole of Christendom: neglect and abuse of the Bible. Give me your attention while I supply you with a few plain reasons why everyone who cares for his or her soul ought to value the Bible highly, study it regularly, and be thoroughly acquainted with its contents.

1. There is no book in existence written in such a manner as the Bible.  The Bible was "given by inspiration of God" (2 Timothy 3:16). In this respect it is utterly unlike all other writings. God taught the writers of it what to say. He put into their minds thoughts and ideas, and guided their pens in setting down those thoughts and ideas. When you read it, you are not reading the self-taught compositions of men like yourselves, but the words of the eternal God. When you hear it, you are not listening to the erring opinions of short-lived mortals, but to the unchanging mind of the King of kings. These men did not speak on their own, but "spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit" (2 Peter 1:21). All other books in the world, however good and useful in their way, are more or less defective. The more you look at them, the more you see their defects and blemishes. The Bible alone is absolutely perfect. From beginning to end it is the Word of God. 

God made us reasonable creatures like Himself, and has supplied us with many sound reasons for trusting the Bible, but rather than providing long and labored proofs of that here, I will simply point out that the Bible itself is the best witness of its own inspiration. It is utterly inexplicable and unaccountable from any other point of view. He who dares to say the Bible is not inspired, let him give a reasonable account of its meticulously fulfilled prophecies, unity of theme despite being written over a 1,500 year span, close correspondence with history and archaeology, and other unique characteristics of this Book.

It proves nothing against inspiration, as some have said, that the writers of the Bible each have a different style. Isaiah did not write like Jeremiah, and Paul did not write like John. That is perfectly true, yet the works of those men are not less equally inspired. The waters of the sea have different shades. In one place they look blue and in another green, owing to the depth or shallowness of the part we see, yet the water in every case is the same salt sea. In the same way the Books of the Old and New Testaments are all inspired truth, yet the aspect of that truth varies according to the mind through which the Holy Spirit makes it flow. The writing styles and diverse backgrounds of each biblical author were all alike inspired by the same Divine Guide. Every chapter, verse, and word is from God.

People who are troubled with doubts and skeptical thoughts about the Bible would do well to calmly examine it for themselves. How many difficulties and objections would vanish away at once like mist before the rising sun? It is no light matter that God caused this Book to be "written for our learning" (Romans 15:4) and that we should have before us "the oracles of God" (Romans 3:2). Are you taking advantage of this opportunity by reading and studying the Bible?

2. There is no knowledge necessary for salvation other than what is in the Bible. We live in days when the words of Daniel are fulfilled before our eyes: "Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall increase" (Daniel 12:4). Schools are multiplying on every side, new colleges set up, and old universities reformed and improved. New books and articles are continually coming out. More is being taught, more is being learned, more is being read than ever before, which is a mercy since an ignorant population is a perilous and expensive burden to any nation. It is ready prey to the first Absalom, Catiline, or Wat Tyler who arises to entice it to evil. Nevertheless, all the beneficial knowledge a person can receive will not save that person from hell unless he or she knows the truths of the Bible.

Chemistry never silenced a guilty conscience. Mathematics never healed a broken heart. No earthly philosophy ever supplied hope in death. A knowledge of the Bible is the one knowledge that is needful and eternally useful. A man may get to heaven without money, learning, health, or friends, but without Bible knowledge he will never get there at all. A man may have the mightiest of minds and a memory stored with all that mighty mind can grasp, yet if he does not know the things of the Bible, he will make shipwreck of his soul forever. 

3. No book in existence contains such important matter as the Bible. How glorious and soul-satisfying is the description it gives us of God's plan of salvation, the way by which our sins can be forgiven! The coming into the world of Jesus Christ, the God-man, to save sinners;  the atonement He made by suffering in our place, the just for the unjust; the complete payment He made for His people's sins by His own blood; the justification of every sinner who believes in Jesus; the readiness of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit to receive, pardon, and save to the uttermost—how unspeakably grand and cheering are all those truths! We would know nothing of them without the Bible.

How comforting is the account of the great Mediator of the New Testament! Four times over His picture is graciously drawn before our eyes. Four separate witnesses tell us of His miracles and ministry, His sayings and deeds, His life and His death, His power and His love, His kindness and His patience—His ways, words, works, thoughts, and heart. There is one thing in the Bible that even the most prejudiced reader can hardly fail to understand: the impeccable character of Jesus Christ.

How encouraging are the examples the Bible gives us of good people! It tells of many who were like us: men and women who had cares, families, temptations, afflictions, and diseases like ours, yet "by faith and patience inherited the promises" and got safely home (Hebrews 6:12). Their mistakes, infirmities, conflicts, experience, prayers, praises, useful lives, and triumphant deaths are faithfully recorded. The Bible reminds us that the God and Savior of those men and women still waits to be gracious to us today, and is altogether unchanged.

How instructive are the examples the Bible gives us of bad people! It tells us of men and women who, like us now, had light, knowledge, and opportunities, yet hardened their hearts, loved the world, clung to their sins, insisted on their own way, despised reproof, and ruined their own souls forever. It warns us that the God who punished Pharaoh, Kings Saul and Ahab, Queen Jezebel, Judas Iscariot, and Ananias and Sapphira is a God who never changes, and that there really is a hell.

How precious are the promises the Bible contains for the use of those who love God! There is hardly any possible emergency or condition for which there is not a timely word. God loves to be reminded of these promises. If He has said He will do something, His promise shall certainly be fulfilled.

How blessed are the hopes the Bible holds out to the believer in the Lord Jesus! Peace in the hour of death, rest and happiness on the other side of the grave, a glorious body in the morning of the resurrection, a full and triumphant acquittal on the day of judgment, an everlasting reward in the Kingdom of Christ, a joyful meeting with the Lord's people in the day of gathering together: these are the future prospects of every true Christian. They are all written in the Book that is wholly true.

How striking is the light the Bible throws on the character of man! It teaches us what men may be expected to be and do in every position and station of life. It gives us the deepest insight into the secret springs and motives of human actions, and the ordinary course of events under the control of human agents. The Word of God is the true "discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart" (Hebrews 4:12). How deep is the wisdom contained in the Books of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes!

We probably have not the least idea how little we should know about all those things if we did not have the Bible. We hardly appreciate as we should the value of the air we breathe and the sun that shines on us because we have never known what it like to be without them. Surely no tongue can fully tell the value of the treasures this one volume contains. How are you using this treasure?

4. No book in existence has produced such wonderful effects on mankind at large as the Bible. This is the Book whose doctrines turned the world upside down in the days of the apostles. Nearly two millennia have passed since God sent a few Jewish men from a remote corner of the earth to do a work that, according to human judgment, must have seemed impossible. The risen Lord  sent out His apostles at a time when the whole world was full of superstition, cruelty, lust, and all kinds of sin. He sent them to proclaim that the established religions of the earth were false and useless, and must be forsaken. He sent them to persuade people to give up old habits and customs, and to live different lives. He sent them to do battle with the most enslaving idolatry, the vilest immorality, a bigoted priesthood, sneering philosophers, an ignorant population, and bloody-minded emperors.

How did Jesus arm them for this battle? He simply put the Holy Spirit into their hearts and the Scriptures into their hands to expound and explain, to establish and publish the doctrines of the Bible. He was one holy Man with one holy Book. How did His disciples prosper? In a few generations the face of society changed in the light of those doctrines. God used the apostles and their disciples to famish idolatry, leaving it high and dry like a stranded ship. They brought into the world a higher tone of morality between man and man. They raised the status of women. The altered the standard of purity and decency. They put an end to many cruel and bloody customs, such as the gladiatorial combats. There was no stopping the change. Persecution and opposition were useless. One victory after another was won. One bad thing after another melted away. Whether people liked it or not, they were insensibly affected by the movement of the new religion, and drawn within the whirlpool of its power. The tide rose, and they found themselves obliged to rise with it. All this was done by the truths of the Bible. For extent, results, and completeness, there are no victories like the victories of the Bible.

Many of the good things that societies have adopted for public benefit may be clearly traced to the Bible. It has left lasting marks wherever it has been received. From the Bible are drawn many of the best laws by which nations are governed and kept in order regarding truth, honesty, care for the needy, and family relations. To the influence of the Bible we owe nearly every humane and charitable institution in existence. The sick, poor, aged, orphaned, mentally and physically disabled were seldom or never regarded or lovingly provided for before the Bible influenced the world. You will search in vain for any record of institutions for their aid in the histories of Athens or Rome.

Sadly, there are many who sneer at the Bible and say the world would get along well enough without it, but they do not realize how it has benefited their lives. Those who lie sick in great hospitals, originally founded by Christian charity, might have died in misery, uncared for, unnoticed, and alone. The world we live in is fearfully unconscious of its debts. The Last Day alone, I believe, will tell the full amount of benefit conferred upon it by the Bible. How is the Bible benefiting you now?

5. No book in existence can do so much for those who read it rightly as does the Bible. The Bible does not profess to teach the wisdom of this world. It was not written to explain mathematics or astronomy. It will not make you a doctor, lawyer, or engineer. But there is another world to be thought of beside that in which we now live. There are other ends for which man was created, besides making money and working. There are other interests we are meant to attend to, besides those of the body. It is the interests of the immortal soul that the Bible is especially able to promote. It is able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ (2 Timothy 3:15). It can show you what you are: a sinner. It can show you what God is: perfectly holy. It can show you the great giver of pardon, peace, and grace: Jesus Christ. It is the glory and beauty of the Bible that it highlights the majesty of God, the beauty of Christ, and the desperate need of every man and woman from the first chapter to the last.

The Bible applied to the heart by the Holy Spirit is the grand instrument by which souls are first converted to God. That mighty change is generally initiated by a text or doctrine of the Word brought home to a person's conscience. The Bible has worked moral miracles by the thousands that way. It has made drunks sober, immoral persons pure, thieves honest, and violent people meek. It has taught worldly people to seek first God's Kingdom. It has taught lovers of pleasure to love God and Christ. It has taught people to think of heaven instead of always thinking of earth, and to live by faith instead of by sight. All this it has done in every part of the world. All this it is doing still.

The Bible applied to the heart by the Holy Spirit is the chief means by which men and women are built up and established in the faith after their conversion. It is able to cleanse them, sanctify them, instruct them in righteousness, and furnish them thoroughly for all good works (Psalm 119:9; John 17:17; 2 Timothy 3:16-17). The Bible can teach a man how to glorify Christ in all his relationships, making him a good employer, worker, citizen, husband, father, and son. It can enable him to bear afflictions and hardships without complaining and with confident faith. It can enable him to look into the grave and say, "I will fear no evil" (Psalm 23:4). Is he drowsy in soul? It can awaken him. Is he mourning? It can comfort him. Is he in the wrong? It can restore him. Is he weak? It can make him strong. Is he in company? It can keep him from evil. Is he alone? It can talk with him. All this the Bible can do for all believers.

Now I know well that many say they have found no saving power in the Bible. They tell us they have tried to read it, but have learned nothing from it. They see nothing in it but hard and deep things. Consider this: the Bible no doubt contains hard things or else it would not be the Book of God, but is not humble acknowledgement of our own ignorance the foundation of all knowledge? Must not many things be taken for granted in the beginning of every science before we can proceed? Do we not require our children to learn many things they cannot perceive the meaning of at first? Therefore expect to find deep things when you begin studying the Word of God, yet believe that if you persevere, the meaning of most or all of them will one day be made clear. Read the Bible with humility and take much on trust with faithful guides. Remember also in fairness that many things in the Bible are easy and plain. Steer by those lights into the deeper waters.

Many raise the objection that thousands read the Bible, but do not seem any better for their reading. But the reason so many read the Bible without benefit is simple: they do not read it the right way. There is generally a right way and a wrong way of doing everything in the world. The Bible will not do anyone lasting good unless it is read with humility and earnest prayer. The fault is not in the Book, but in the careless reader. Never did a person read it like the fair-minded Bereans with intelligent perseverance (Acts 17:11) and miss the way to heaven. No one on the day of judgment will be able to say he or she went thirsting to the Bible and found in it no living water. The words spoken of Wisdom personified in Proverbs are true of God's Word: "If you cry out for discernment, and lift up your voice for understanding, if you seek her as silver, and search for her as for hidden treasures; then you will understand the fear of the Lord, and find the knowledge of God" (Proverbs 2:3-5).


6. The Bible is the only rule by which all questions of doctrine and duty can be settled. The Lord God knows the weakness of our poor fallen understandings. He knows that, even after conversion, our perceptions of right and wrong can be indistinct for awhile. He knows how artfully Satan can coat error with an appearance of truth, dressing up wrong with plausible arguments until it bears some semblance to right. Knowing all this, God has mercifully provided us with an unerring standard of truth and error, right and wrong, in His Book. 

We are to try all religious teaching by one simple test: does it square with the Bible? What do the Scriptures say? Is the asserted teaching  biblical? If it is, it ought to be received and believed. If it is not, it ought to be refused and cast aside. A true minister will say, "Search the Scriptures, and if I do not teach you what is scriptural, do not believe me." A false minister will declare, "Hear the Church! Hear me!" A true minister will say, "Hear the Word of God!"

But the world is not only full of difficulties about points of doctrine, but also about points of practice. How does one discern his or her duty regarding such matters as one's employments, choice of amusements, and the upbringing of one's children?  By the letter or the spirit of the Bible he or she must test every difficult point or question. That is the reliable compass by which to steer throughout life. Make it your operating principle never to act contrary to the Word of God. You will never regret it. Do not listen to the common objection that the rule you have laid down is impossible and cannot be observed in a world such as this. People who object like that need to be told that by the Bible we shall all be judged at the Last Day. Let them learn to judge themselves by it here so they may avoid being judged and condemned by it hereafter.

7. The Bible is the Book all true servants of God have always lived on and loved. Every living thing God creates requires food. When the Holy Spirit raises a man from the death of sin and makes him a new creature in Christ, the new life in that man's soul requires food. The only food that will sustain it is the Word of God. Just as a child born into the world naturally desires the milk provided for its nourishment, so does the born-again believer desire "the pure milk of the Word" (1 Peter 2:2). His or her "delight is in the Law of the Lord" (Psalm 1:2).

Love for God's Word is a chief characteristic of the godly in Scripture. The patriarch Job said, "I have not departed from the commandment of His lips; I have treasured the words of His mouth more than my necessary food" (Job 23:12). Love for the Word is a shining feature  throughout the magnificent 119th Psalm, which has this as its theme: "Oh, how I love Your Law!" (Psalm 119:97). Love for the Word also characterized Paul and his companions, who were "mighty in the Scriptures" (Acts 18:24). But love for the Word is especially prominent in our Lord Jesus Christ. He read it publicly, quoted it continually, expounded it frequently, and advised the religious leaders to "search the Scriptures" (John 5:39). He used Scripture as His weapon to resist the devil (Matthew 4:1-11). He said repeatedly, "The Scriptures must be fulfilled" and one of the last things He did before ascending to heaven was to open the understanding of His disciples so they could "comprehend the Scriptures" (Luke 24:45). No man can be a true servant of the Lord Jesus Christ who has not something of his Master's mind and feeling toward the Bible.

Love for the Word has been a prominent feature in the history of all the godly men and women we know about since the days of the apostles. It is the lamp Athanasius, Chrysostom, and Augustine followed. It is the well reopened by Wycliffe,  Tyndale, Luther, and Calvin after it had been blocked. It is the sword with which Latimer and Knox won their victories. It is the manna that fed Bunyan, Owen, and a noble host of Puritans. It is the armory from which Whitefield and Wesley drew their powerful weapons. Differing as those holy men did in some matters, on one point they were all agreed: they delighted in God's Word. So do faithful men and women in churches around the world today. Dear reader, do you follow in the footsteps of this flock?

8. The Bible is the only book that can comfort a man in the last hours of his life. We are all sadly apt to put away this subject. I want everyone to do his or her duty in life, but I also want everyone to think of death. I want everyone to know how to live, but also to know how to die. Death is a solemn event to all: the winding up of all our earthly plans and expectations, and a separation from all we have loved and lived with. It is often accompanied by much bodily pain and distress. It brings us to the grave and corruption. It opens the door to judgment and eternity—to heaven or to hell. "In the place where the tree falls, there it shall lie" (Ecclesiastes 11:3). "It is appointed for man once to die, and then comes judgment" (Hebrews 9:27). It is an event after which there is no change or opportunity for repentance.

It becomes every thoughtful and sensible person to consider calmly how he or she is going to meet death. The good things of the world cannot comfort a man when he draws near death. Money can buy the best medical advice and attendance for a man's body, but it cannot buy peace for his conscience, heart, and soul. The pleasures of the world will give him no pleasure: he cannot hide from himself that they are hollow, empty, powerless things. Honors and delights he once may have craved are out of harmony with his condition. They cannot stop one gap in his heart, where the last enemy is coming in like a flood. They cannot make him calm in the prospect of meeting a holy God. The latest news and novels he will ignore. Their time will be past. Whatever they may be in health, they are useless in the hour of death.

There is but one fountain of comfort for a man drawing near to his end in this life, and that is the Bible. I do not say that the Bible will do good to a dying man if he has not valued it before, as if it were a good-luck charm, but I do say positively that no dying man will ever get real comfort except from the Word of God. All comfort from any other source is a house built upon sand. Chapters, passages, texts, promises and doctrines of Scripture that are heard, received, believed, and rested on are solid ground and a firm foundation here and for eternity. As a minister I have seen not a few dying persons in my time. I never saw anyone enjoy what I should call a real, solid, calm, reasonable peace on his deathbed who did not draw his  peace from the Bible. Surely it is no light matter whether you read that Book or not.

For application I conclude by addressing a few, plain words to the conscience of every class of readers:

A. Those who can read but never do read the Bible at all. You are in danger because your neglect of the one and only Word of God is plain evidence that you do not love the God of the Word. Beware lest the day come when you feel, "Had I but honored the Bible as much as I have honored the news or other books, I should not have been left without comfort in my last hours, and now must face God without hope!" Hope remains for you now if you read the Bible and believe its saving message.

B. Those who are willing to begin reading the Bible, but need advice. Listen to me and I will give you a few short hints:

(1) Begin reading the Bible this very day. It has never been easier than now to access the Bible for free in one's heart language. Read it yourself, persuade someone else to read it to you, or listen to an audio Bible. One way or another, through eyes or ears, the words of Scripture must actually pass before your mind.

(2) Read the Bible with an earnest desire to understand. It also has never been easier to access free, reliable Bible commentaries and other helps. Do not think for a moment that the grand object is to pass through a certain number of pages. They mean nothing without understanding. Say to yourself often as you read, "What is all this about?" Dig for the meaning like a man digging for gold. Work hard and do not give up. Humbly ask for help from Christians you know and respect, for the godly will be happy to give it.

(3) Read the Bible with childlike faith and humility. Open your heart as you open your Book, saying, "Speak, Lord, for your servant hears" (1 Samuel 3:8-10). Resolve to believe implicitly whatever you find there, however it may run counter to your own prejudices. Resolve to receive heartily every statement of truth, whether you like it or not. Beware this miserable habit of mind into which some readers of the Bible fall: they receive some doctrines because they like them, but reject others because they are convicting to themselves or to others they know and love. The Bible is useless to such people. Are we to be judges of what ought to be in God's Word? Do we know better than God? Settle it in your mind you will receive and believe it all, and what you cannot currently understand you will take on trust. Remember that when you pray, you are speaking to God and He hears you. But when you are reading the Bible, God is speaking to you and you must listen.

(4) Read the Bible in a spirit of obedience and self application. Sit down to  study it with a daily determination that you will live by its rules, rest on its statements, and act on its commands. Consider as you travel through every chapter, "How does this affect my conduct? What does it teach me?" It is poor work to read the Bible from mere curiosity while you do not allow it to influence your heart and life. The Bible is read best that is practiced most.

(5) Read the Bible daily. Make it a part of every day's business to read and meditate on some portion of God's Word. This nourishment for your soul is every bit as needful as food and clothes are for your body. Yesterday's food will not help today's labor, nor will today's food feed the laborer tomorrow. Do as the Israelites in the wilderness did and gather your manna fresh every day. Do not hurry your reading. Give your Bible the best, not the worst part of your time.

(6) Read all the Bible in an orderly way. "All Scripture ... is profitable" (2 Timothy 3:16). Some people's Bible reading is a system of perpetual dipping and picking, which works against broad, well-proportioned views of truth. In times of sickness and affliction it is allowable to search out seasonable portions, but with that exception, I believe it is best to begin the Old and New Testaments at the same time: to read each straight through to the end, and then begin again.

(7) Read the Bible fairly and honestly. Determine to take everything first in its plain, obvious meaning, and regard all forced interpretations with great suspicion. As a general rule, whatever a verse of the Bible seems to mean, it does mean. Take Scripture as you find it without any attempt to force it into any particular system. Interpret literature by its literary type: historical narrative, law, instruction, poetry, prophecy, proverb, or parable. You will be able to tell the difference between statements and symbols. Help is available when you need it.

(8) Read the Bible with Christ continually in view. The primary object of all Scripture is to testify of Jesus. Old Testament ceremonies are shadows of Christ. Old Testament judges and deliverers are types of Christ. Old Testament history shows the world's need for Christ. Old Testament prophecies are full of Christ's ministry, sufferings, atoning death and resurrection, and return in glory yet to come. His first coming and His second, the Lord's humiliation and His Kingdom, the cross and the crown shine everywhere in the Bible. Keep a fast hold on this clue, and it will help you read the Bible correctly.

C. Those who believe the Bible, but read it little. Listen to me and I will say a few things that deserve your serious attention. First, you are likely to get little comfort from the Bible in time of need. Second, you are not likely to be established in the truth, which leaves you vulnerable to false teaching and many doubts. Third, you are likely to make many mistakes in life without reliable guidance from God's Word. The world you steer through is full of rocks, shoals, and sandbanks. You are not sufficiently familiar with either the lights or the charts.

Do not merely read your Bible a little, but read it a great deal. "Let the Word of Christ dwell in you richly" (Colossians 3:16). Do not be a mere babe in spiritual knowledge, but seek to become well instructed in the Kingdom of heaven, continually adding new things to old as Jesus said (Matthew 13:51-52). A religion of feeling is an uncertain thing. It is like the tide or the moon: sometimes high and sometimes low. A religion of deep Bible knowledge is a firm and lasting possession. It enables the man or woman who possesses it not merely to say, "I feel hope in Christ," but "I know who I have believed" (2 Timothy 1:12).

D. Those who read the Bible often, but doubt the good it is doing them. This is a crafty temptation of the devil he will use when he cannot fool you into not reading the Bible at all. Let me encourage you. The greatest effects are often silent and hard to detect at the time they are being produced. Think of a child's daily growth, the influence of the moon upon the earth, and that of air upon human lungs. Your Bible reading is doing far more good to your soul than you can readily perceive. Often when one's memory has difficulty readily recalling facts, one's character is receiving everlasting impressions. Is sin becoming every year more hateful to you? Is Christ becoming every year more precious? Is holiness becoming every year more lovely and desirable in your eyes? If so, take courage. The Bible is doing you good, though you may not be able to trace it out day by day.

The Bible may be restraining you from sin or delusion into which you would otherwise run. It may daily be keeping you back from many a false step. You might soon find this out to your cost if you cease reading the Word! Resist the devil. Settle it down in your mind as an established rule that, whether you feel it at the moment or not, you are inhaling spiritual health by reading the Bible and steadily gaining strength.

E. Those who really love the Bible, live by it, and read it often. Give me your attention and I will mention a few things we all shall do well to take to heart for times to come.

(1) Let us resolve to read the Bible more and more every year. Let us try to get it rooted in our memories and engraved onto our hearts. Let us be well provisioned with it on our voyage throughout life and death. Who knows but that we may have a very stormy passage? Oh, to have the Word hidden in our hearts (Psalm 119:11) for all such times!

(2) Let us resolve to be more watchful over our Bible reading. Let us be jealously careful about the time we give to it, and how that time is spent. Let us beware of omitting our daily reading without sufficient cause. Let us not be yawning or dozing over our Book as we read. Never exalt any minister, denomination, theological system, trendy idea, book, or friend above the Word. Cursed be any human counsel that creeps in between us and the Bible, blocking the Bible from our view! As Jesus said, do not lay aside any Commandment of God for any traditions or ideas of men (Mark 7:1-13). Oh, to read with a hungry spirit and a simple desire for edification!

(3) Let us resolve to honor the Bible more in our families. Let us read it morning and evening to our children and households, and not be ashamed for others to see that we do so. Do not be discouraged if not all are faithful Christians. The Bible reading in a family has kept many from jail, debt, and scandal if not from hell, but where there is life there is still hope.

(4) Let us resolve to meditate more on the Bible. It is good to take with us two or three texts when we go out, and turn them over and over in our minds whenever we have a little leisure. It keeps out many vain thoughts. It preserves our souls from stagnating and becoming like ponds where the frogs live but the fish die. It sanctifies and sharpens our memory.

(5) Let us resolve to talk more to believers about the Bible when we meet them. That helps our conversations to be profitable and to steer clear of anything frivolous or uncharitable. Bringing up the Bible more will help us help each other keep our hearts in tune. May we strive to walk together in this evil world that Jesus would often draw near and go with us, as He did with the two disciples journeying to Emmaus (Luke 24).

(6) Let us live by the Bible more and more every year. Let us frequently take account of our opinions, practices, and habits in public and in private, measuring all by the Bible. God help us to conform to it and keep our way pure, as Psalm 119:9 directs, by living according to God's Word.




Wednesday, October 17, 2012

Trusting the Bible: Illustrated Summary of Evidence That Demands a Verdict by Josh McDowell and Dr. Sean McDowell





The Latest Version
Josh McDowell and his son, Dr. Sean McDowell, in Evidence That Demands a Verdict—like C.S. Lewis in Mere Christianity—explain and defend the Christian faith without assuming their readers automatically trust the Bible. C.S. Lewis starts by examining the universal concept of right and wrong as a clue to the meaning of the universe, and demonstrates step by step that what the Bible says is both true and compelling (each chapter summarized and illustrated here).  The McDowells' Evidence That Demands a Verdict provides solid historical and philosophical evidences for the Christian faith, as I have discovered through years of experience, starting with my college years. It is a masterful collection of quotes in their context and in primary sources from experts in relevant fields.









"We are arguing that faith is ... a form of conviction, and is, therefore, necessarily grounded in evidence," says Benjamin Warfield, a renowned theologian from Princeton University (one of a plethora of the scholars cited in Evidence). Warfield was a specialist in apologetics, a branch of Christian theology that can be summarized by a single verse from the New Testament: "Be ready to give a defense to everyone who asks you a reason for the hope that is in you" (1 Peter 3:15). The Greek word translated "defense" is apologia so Christian apologetics are not apologies but defenses based on evidence.

What is the evidence for believing the Bible is true? This post  summarizes that evidence in what I hope is one useful chunk, but also I encourage you to read carefully for yourself any book or quote I highlight that makes a powerful impression on you. 
History vs. Myth 
People today find it easy to assume that believing the Bible is not appropriate in a modern, scientific age, figuring that its contents must be mythical. I grew up assuming that. So did the author of Evidence but years later, speaking in a world literature class, he responded this way when the professor correlated Greek mythology with the virgin birth, life, and resurrection of Jesus Christ: "There is an obvious difference between the events recorded about Christ in the Bible and the stories conveyed in Greek mythology that bear a vague similarity. The similar stories ... were not applied to real flesh-and-blood individuals, but instead to non-historical, fictional, mythological characters. However, when it comes to Christianity, these events are attached to the historic Jesus of Nazareth, whom the New Testament writers knew personally." The professor replied, "You are right. I never realized that before."

Here is a sampling of sober eyewitness reporting in the New Testament:
  • "We did not follow cunningly devised fables when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of His majesty" (2 Peter 1:16).
  • "That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes ... and our hands have handled concerning the Word of life ... that ... we declare to you" (1 John 1:1-3).
  • "Inasmuch as many have taken in hand to set in order a narrative of those things which have been fulfilled among us, just as those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the Word delivered them to us, it seemed good to me also, having had a careful understanding of all things from the very first, to write to you an orderly account" (Luke 1:1-3). Dr. Luke, the meticulous historian who wrote that, tells us this in his second volume: Jesus "presented Himself alive after His suffering by many convincing proofs" (Acts 1:3).
  • The risen Christ was seen by over 500 eyewitnesses at the same time, most of whom were still alive when this manuscript was written (1 Corinthians 15:6).
  • The apostle Paul, making his defense in chains before a Roman governor and a Jewish king, said, "I am not mad, most noble Festus, but speak words of truth and reason. For the king, before whom I also speak freely, knows these things; for I am convinced that none of these things escapes his attention, since this thing was not done in a corner" (Acts 26:25-26).
C.S. Lewis remarked that if someone "tells me that something in a Gospel is legend or romance, I want to know how many legends and romances he has read, how well his palate is trained in detecting them by the flavor.... I have been reading poems, romances, vision-literature, legends, myths all my life. I know what they are like. I know that not one of them is like this." The Gospels and the others portions of the Bible are not myth, but are they reliable?


Testing the Reliability of Ancient Literature
Introduction to Research in English Literary History by Chauncey Sanders, a military historian, lists three basic principles of historiography:
  1. The Bibliographic Test
  2. The Internal Evidence Test
  3. The External Evidence Test
The Bibliographic Test is an examination of the way documents reach us. Since we do not have the original documents, how reliable are the copies we have in regard to the number of manuscripts and the time interval between the original and currently existing copies? Here are basic statistics from greatest to less:
  • The New Testament: 24,970+ copies with a time gap from 50-225 years
  • The Old Testament: 223 from the Dead Sea Scrolls (copied between 300-100 B.C.) and over 1,000 copied later (virtually identical to the DSS)
  • The Iliad by Homer: 643 copies, 400-year gap
  • Gallic Wars by Julius Caesar: 10 copies, 1,000-year gap
  • Histories by Herodotus: 8 copies, 1,350-year gap
Sir Frederic Kenyon, who was the director and principal librarian of the British Museum, explains the statistics: "Besides number, the manuscripts of the New Testament differ from those of the classical authors.... In no other case is the interval of time between the composition of the book and the date of the earliest extant manuscripts so short as that of the New Testament.... Any doubt that the Scriptures have come down to us substantially as they were written has now been removed."

The Internal and External Evidence Tests consider whether what was written is accurate. One legal expert describes the Internal Evidence of a text this way: "One must listen to the claims of the document under analysis, and not assume fraud or error unless the author disqualified himself by contradictions or known factual inaccuracies." Another legal expert and biblical scholar, Dr. Gleason Archer, applied both Internal and External tests in his Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties and observed, "As I have dealt with one apparent discrepancy after another and have studied the alleged contradictions between the biblical record and the evidence of linguistics, archaeology, or science, my confidence in the trustworthiness of Scripture has been repeatedly verified and strengthened by the discovery that almost every problem in Scripture that has ever been discovered by man, from ancient times until now, has been dealt with in a completely satisfactory manner by the biblical text itself—or by objective archaeological information." Here is a summary of legal and literary principles for understanding apparent discrepancies in the Bible:
  1. The unexplained is not necessarily unexplainable.
  2. Fallible interpretations do not mean fallible revelation.
  3. Understand the context of the passage.
  4. Interpret difficult passages in the light of clear ones.
  5. Don't base teaching on obscure passages.
  6. The Bible is a human book with human characteristics.
  7. Just because a report is incomplete does not mean it is false.
  8. New Testament citations of the Old Testament need not always be exact.
  9. The Bible does not necessarily approve of all it records.
  10. The Bible uses non-technical, everyday language.
  11. The Bible may use round numbers as well as exact numbers.
  12. Note when the Bible uses different literary devices.
  13. An error in a copy does not equate to an error in the original.
  14. General statements don't necessarily mean universal promises.
  15. Later revelation supersedes previous revelation.
External Evidence, as opposed to Internal, concerns sources apart from the literature in question that substantiate its accuracy, reliability, and authenticity. For example, several Roman and Jewish historians (including Tacitus, Suetonius, and Josephus) wrote about the death of Jesus Christ under Pontius Pilate and the persecution of Christians by Emperor Nero. Renowned archaeologists continue unearthing external confirmations of the Bible to this day, making statements such as these:
  • "It may be stated categorically that no archaeological discovery has ever controverted a biblical reference" (Nelson Glueck, Rivers in the Desert: History of the Negev).
  • "Discovery after discovery has established the accuracy of innumerable details, and has brought increased recognition to the value of the Bible as a source of history" (William Albright, The Archaeology of Palestine).
  • "Archaeology work has unquestionably strengthened confidence in the reliability of the Scriptural record. More than one archaeologist has found his respect for the Bible increased by the experience of excavation in Palestine" (Millar Burrows, What Mean These Stones?).

Jesus' Affirmation of Scripture 
A chapter asking "Is the Bible from God?" in the McDowells' New Evidence That Demands a Verdict summarizes and expands on what we have covered so far: "The Bible is a reliable and trustworthy document. This is established by treating it as any other historical record, as, for instance, the works of Josephus or the accounts of war by Julius Caesar. On the basis of the history recorded by the Bible, we have sufficient grounds for believing that the central character of the Bible, Jesus Christ, did what He is claimed to have done and therefore is who He claimed to be. He claimed to be the unique Son of God—in fact, God in human flesh. As the unique Son of God, the Lord Jesus Christ is an infallible authority." (If you are having problems with the McDowells' reasoning here, I understand: I felt that way myself for many years. But since this post is on the Bible, not on Jesus, here is a link to pursue this point further: What C.S. Lewis Said about Christ to a Nation at War.)

 
Many religious books, such as the Koran, the Book of Mormon, and Hindu Vedas, claim divine inspiration, but none of those books contain predictive prophecy. One of the greatest ways Jesus affirmed the Bible was by fulfilling dozens of specific prophecies. Here are some of the most dramatic examples of what are called Messianic prophecies in chronological order:
  • Savior/Messiah Born of the Seed of Woman: This is the first prophecy in the Bible, uttered by God Himself in the Garden of Eden, foretelling  doom upon the Serpent/Satan after he brought death into the world: "I will put enmity between you and the woman and between your  seed and her Seed; He shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise His heel" (Genesis 3:15). The New Testament explains, "When the fullness of time had come, God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born under the Law" (Galatians 4:4). The Christian Gospel is the good news of the victory of Jesus the Christ or Messiah over Satan, sin, and death on behalf of His people. Only God could achieve that kind of victory, only man could die; Jesus is the God-Man who died and rose again on behalf of man so that death itself will ultimately die.
  •  Born of a Virgin: The Seed of the woman prophecy was a great mystery since people from ancient times knew human seed comes from the man. This Old Testament text points to the solution: "Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a Son, and the Lord shall call His name Immanuel, which means 'God with us'" (Isaiah 7:14). The New Testament informs us, "The birth of Jesus Christ was as follows: After his mother Mary was betrothed to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Spirit....Then Joseph kept her a virgin until she brought forth her firstborn Son" (Matthew 1:18-25). When Mary asked how she could give birth since she was a virgin, the angel Gabriel told her, "The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Highest will overshadow you; therefore that Holy One who is to be born will be called the Son of God" (Luke 1:35).
  •  Son of God/God the Son: The Child born of the virgin was called both the Son of God and Immanuel ("God with us"). In mathematical terms, Son of God = God the Son (but still one God: the Holy Trinity is NOT 1+1+1 but 1x1x1 = 1; see this post for more information: The Three-Personal God). Isaiah 9:6 prophesies, "Unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given; and the government will be upon His shoulder. And His name will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace." Psalm 2:7 states, "I will declare the decree: The Lord has said to Me, 'You are My Son, today I have begotten You.'" After Jesus was baptized to identify with His people, "Suddenly a voice came from heaven, saying, 'This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased'" (Matthew 3:17).
  •  Seed of Abraham ... David—a Precise Bloodline: Just as a precise address will get a letter to one person out of all the people on the globe, so God supplied prophecy after prophecy to identify the promised Seed/Savior/Messiah of the world. To Abraham God promised, "In your Seed all the nations of the earth shall be blessed" (Genesis 22:18). Notice the first sentence of the New Testament: "The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the Son of David, the Son of Abraham" (Matthew 1:1). "Now to Abraham and his Seed were the promises made. God did not say, 'In the seeds,' as of many, but one, 'In your Seed,' who is Christ," explains the apostle Paul (Galatians 3:16). Even the grammar is precise—singular, not plural.
  •  Born in Bethlehem: A few of the Messianic prophecies a person could possibly contrive to fulfill, but certainly not one's birthplace. Micah 5:2 states, "But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah [there was another Bethlehem north in Galilee], though you are little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of you shall come forth to Me the One to be Ruler in Israel, whose goings forth are from of old, from everlasting." In the New Testament we learn that "Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea."  When King Herod, prompted by the Wise Men, asked the religious leaders where the Messiah was prophesied to be born, they cited the Micah 5:2 text (Matthew 2:1-6). Jesus's mother and adoptive father were living over 100 miles away in Galilee, but a Roman census ordered by Caesar Augustus brought them to Bethlehem when it was time for Jesus to be born (Luke 2:1-7). Only God could have orchestrated that.
  •  Heralded by a Messenger: Isaiah 40:3 predicts "the voice of one crying in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord; make straight in the desert a highway for our God.'" The New Testament tells us that "John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea, and saying, 'Repent, for the Kingdom of heaven is at hand!' For this is he who was spoken of by the prophet Isaiah" (Matthew 3:1-3).
  •  Ministry of Miracles: Isaiah also prophesied that when the Messiah comes on the scene, "The eyes of the blind will be opened, and the ears of the deaf will be unstopped. Then the lame will leap like a deer and the tongue of the mute will sing for joy" (Isaiah 35:5-6). The New Testament commonly reports things like this: "Jesus was going about all the cities and the villages, teaching in their synagogues, proclaiming the Gospel of the Kingdom, and healing every kind of sickness and disease" (Matthew 9:35). Jesus Himself cited that Isaiah prophecy to establish His Messianic credentials when John the Baptist was languishing in prison and needed encouragement that all was going as God intended (Matthew 11:2-15).
  •  Entered Jerusalem on a Donkey, not a War Horse: If Jesus' goal was to fulfill the expectations and early assumptions of John the Baptist, the 12 apostles, and just about everyone else who knew about Messianic prophecy by driving out the Roman Empire and establishing a new kingdom with His followers in high places, He would have entered Jerusalem on a war horse, not a donkey. Jesus was aiming for something much bigger that affects all people at all times. He understood and fulfilled Zechariah 9:9-10: "Rejoice ... O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your King is coming to you; He is just and endowed with salvation, humble and riding on a donkey's colt.... He shall speak peace to the nations; His dominion shall be from sea to sea." The precise timing of the Messiah's triumphal entry into Jerusalem and His sacrificial death is predicted in Daniel 9:24-26 (written about 530 B.C.) to occur before the destruction of Jerusalem (which was in A.D. 70).
  •  Rejected by the Religious Leaders: The religious leaders preferred their kingdom to God's so they rejected the Lord Jesus, especially at His triumphal entry. "Although He had done so many signs before them," explains John's Gospel, "they did not believe in Him, that the word of Isaiah the prophet might be fulfilled, which he spoke: 'Lord, who has believed our report? And to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?... He is despised and rejected by men, a Man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. And we hid, as it were, our faces from Him; He was despised, and we did not esteem Him'" (John 12:37-38; Isaiah 53:1-3). Jesus confronted the religious leaders with their prophesied unbelief, citing Psalm 118:22: "What then is this that is written: 'The stone which the builders rejected has become the chief cornerstone'? Whoever falls on that stone will be broken; but on whomever it falls, it will grind him to powder'" (Luke 20:17-18).
  •  Betrayed by a Friend: Jesus said to His disciples at their Last Supper together, "Most assuredly I say to you, one of you will betray Me," a fulfillment of Psalm 41:9: "'He who eats bread with Me has lifted up his heel against Me.' Now I tell you beforehand so when it does come to pass, you may believe that I am He" (John 13:18, 21). At the end of every list of the 12 disciples in the Gospels is this ignominious name: "Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed Him."
  •  Sold for 30 Pieces of Silver: Judas, once he realized Jesus wasn't setting up the kind of power base he wanted, "went to the chief priests and said, 'What are you willing to give me if I deliver Him to you?' And they counted out to him thirty pieces of silver" (Matthew 26:14-15). That fulfilled Zechariah 11:12, "They weighed out for My wages thirty pieces of silver," the price of a slave (Exodus 21:32).
  •  Silent, Smitten, and Spit Upon:  Perhaps the most striking Messianic prophecy in the Bible is  Isaiah 53.  "He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquities; the chastisement for our peace was upon Him, and by His stripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned, every one, to his own way; and the Lord has laid on Him the iniquity of us all. He was oppressed and He was afflicted, yet He opened not His mouth" (Isaiah 53:5-7).  The Messiah Himself says, "I gave My back to those who struck Me, and My cheeks to those who plucked out My beard. I did not hide My face from shame and spitting" (Isaiah 50:6). Once Jesus was betrayed and brought before the religious leaders, "they spat in His face and beat Him; and others struck Him with the palms of their hands" (Matthew 26:67). When He was being accused by the chief priests and elders, He answered not a word to them or to Pontius Pilate, a fact that caused this Roman governor to wonder greatly (Matthew 27:12-14). Nevertheless, to achieve a temporary political peace, Pilate allowed Jesus to be scourged and crucified (Matthew 27:26).
  •  Hands and Feet Pierced: Psalm 22 was written 1,000 years before Jesus was born and 800 years before crucifixion as a form of execution was known to exist, yet notice how it reflects what we know Jesus experienced: "I am poured out like water, and all My bones are out of joint. My heart is like wax; it has melted within Me. My strength is dried up like broken pottery, and My tongue clings to my jaws; You have brought Me to the dust of death. For dogs have surrounded Me; the congregation of the wicked has enclosed Me. They pierced My hands and My feet. I can count all My bones. They look and stare at Me" (Psalm 22:14-17).
  •  Crucified with Thieves: Isaiah 53:12 says that "He poured out His soul unto death, and He was numbered with the transgressors." The Gospels confirm that two robbers and insurrectionists were crucified with Christ, one on His right and another on His left.
  •  Prayed for His Persecutors: Isaiah 53:12 also tells us that "He bore the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors." One of the recorded sayings of Christ on the cross is this: "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing" (Luke 23:34).
  •  Garments Parted and Lots Cast: Psalm 22 continues the scene of the crucifixion from Jesus' perspective: "They divide My garments among them, and for My clothing they cast lots" (Psalm 22:18). Indeed, "the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took His garments and made four parts, to each soldier a part, and also the tunic. Now the tunic was without seam, woven from the top in one piece. They said ... 'Let us not tear it, but cast lots for it to determine whose it shall be'" (John 19:23-24).
  •  Side Pierced: The Lord tells the prophet Zechariah, "They will look on Me whom they pierced," thus affirming the incarnation of deity (Zechariah 12:10). John 19:34 informs us that one of the Roman soldiers pierced Jesus' side with a spear to confirm that death took place.
  •  Buried in a Rich Man's Tomb: Crucifixion victims were usually burned with the city's trash, but that didn't happen to Jesus. Isaiah 53 explains why from God's perspective: "He was cut off from the land of the living; for the transgressions of My people He was stricken. His grave was assigned with wicked men, yet He was with a rich man in His death because He had done no violence, nor was any deceit in His mouth. Yet it pleased the Lord to bruise Him; He has put Him to grief. When You make His soul an offering for sin, He shall see His seed, He shall prolong His days.... He shall see the labor of His soul, and be satisfied. By His knowledge My righteous Servant shall justify many, for He shall bear their iniquities. Therefore I will divide Him a portion with the great, and He shall divide the spoil with the strong" (Isaiah 53:9-12). Matthew 27 tells us, "There came a rich man from Arimathea, named Joseph ... and [he] asked for the body of Jesus.... When Joseph had taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean linen cloth and laid it in his new tomb" (Matthew 27:57-60).
  •  Resurrection from the Dead: "You will not leave My soul in Hell, nor will You allow Your Holy One to see corruption," predicts Psalm 16:10. One of the many eyewitnesses of the risen Christ testified indeed that "His soul was not left in Hades, nor did His flesh see corruption" (Acts 2:31). Here is more evidence: "I delivered to you first of all that which I also received: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, and that He was buried and that He rose again the third day according to the Scriptures, and that He was seen by Peter, then by the twelve. After that He was seen by over five hundred brethren at once, of whom the greater part remain to the present" (1 Corinthians 15:3-6, written about A.D. 55).
  •  Ascension into Heaven: Psalm 68:18 predicts the Messiah ascending to the heavens in triumph: "You have ascended on high, You have led captivity captive." The Book of Acts records eyewitness testimony: "He presented Himself alive after His suffering by many infallible proofs, being seen by [the apostles] during forty days and speaking of things pertaining to the Kingdom of God.... They asked Him, saying, 'Lord, will You at this time restore the Kingdom to Israel?' He said to them, 'It is not for you to know times or epochs which the Father has fixed by His own authority. But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the uttermost parts of the earth.' Now when He had spoken these things, while they watched, He was taken up, and a cloud received Him out of their sight. And while they looked steadfastly toward heaven as He went up, two men stood by them in white apparel and said, 'Men of Galilee, why do you stand gazing up into heaven? This same Jesus, who was taken up from you into heaven, will come back the same way you saw Him go up'" (Acts 1:3-11).
  •  Seated at the Right Hand of God Until His Triumphant Return: The New Testament tells us what happened next to the Lord Jesus Christ: "When He had by Himself purged our sins, [He] sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high" (Hebrews 1:3). This fulfills Psalm 110:1: "The Lord said to My Lord, 'Sit at My right hand until I make Your enemies Your footstool.'" Because God the Son did not regard equality with God the Father a thing to be grasped, He willingly "made Himself of no reputation,... coming in the likeness of men.... He humbled Himself and became obedient to the point of death—even death on a cross. Therefore God has highly exalted Him and given Him the name which is above every name, that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow...and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father" (Philippians 2:6-11). The Book of Revelation confirms that the Lord Jesus Christ will return soon on a war horse to bring a complete victory over Satan, sin, and death on behalf of His people. If you are one of them, you will believe His Word with confidence, enthusiasm, and gratitude.
  • On a concluding note, a mathematician computed the odds of just 8 of the above prophecies being fulfilled at 10 to the 17th power, or 1 with 17 zeroes after it. To help us comprehend that staggering probability, he illustrated it like this: "If you mark one of ten tickets, and place all the tickets in a hat, and thoroughly stir then, and then ask a blindfolded man to draw one, his chance of getting the right ticket is one in ten. Suppose that we take 10 to the 17th power silver dollars and lay them on the face of Texas. They will cover all the state two feet deep. Now mark one of these silver dollars and stir the whole mass thoroughly, all over the state. Blindfold a man and tell him he can travel as far as he wishes, but he must pick up one silver dollar and say that this is the right one. What chance would he have of getting the right one? Just the same chance that the prophets would have had of writing these eight prophecies and having them all come true in any one man.... They all came true in Christ" (Peter Stoner, Science Speaks).
A Fair Question: What will you do with this evidence?